Pediatric urology involves management of genital and urinary problems that occur in children, with a special emphasis on developmental problems affecting the kidneys, bladder, urethra or genital tract. Common conditions include hypospadias (urine passage ending short of the end of the penis), hydronephrosis (obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys), cryptorchidism (undescended testes), reflux (backup of urine from the bladder toward the kidneys) and intersex (incomplete or otherwise abnormal development of the genital organs.)